diff --git a/OpenNest.Tests/Engine/NestInvarianceTests.cs b/OpenNest.Tests/Engine/NestInvarianceTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed9ac35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/OpenNest.Tests/Engine/NestInvarianceTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+using OpenNest.CNC;
+using OpenNest.Engine;
+using OpenNest.Engine.BestFit;
+using OpenNest.Geometry;
+using OpenNest.Math;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace OpenNest.Tests.Engine;
+
+public class NestInvarianceTests
+{
+    private static OpenNest.CNC.Program MakeLShapedProgram()
+    {
+        // L-shape: 100x50 outer rect with a 50x30 notch removed from top-right.
+        var pgm = new OpenNest.CNC.Program();
+        pgm.Codes.Add(new RapidMove(new Vector(0, 0)));
+        pgm.Codes.Add(new LinearMove(new Vector(100, 0)));
+        pgm.Codes.Add(new LinearMove(new Vector(100, 20)));
+        pgm.Codes.Add(new LinearMove(new Vector(50, 20)));
+        pgm.Codes.Add(new LinearMove(new Vector(50, 50)));
+        pgm.Codes.Add(new LinearMove(new Vector(0, 50)));
+        pgm.Codes.Add(new LinearMove(new Vector(0, 0)));
+        return pgm;
+    }
+
+    private static Drawing MakeImportedAt(double rotation)
+    {
+        var pgm = MakeLShapedProgram();
+        if (!Tolerance.IsEqualTo(rotation, 0))
+            pgm.Rotate(rotation, pgm.BoundingBox().Center);
+        return new Drawing("L", pgm);
+    }
+
+    private static Plate MakePlate() => new Plate(new Size(500, 500))
+    {
+        Quadrant = 1,
+        PartSpacing = 2,
+    };
+
+    private static int RunFillCount(Drawing drawing, Plate plate)
+    {
+        BestFitCache.Clear();
+        var engine = new DefaultNestEngine(plate);
+        var item = new NestItem { Drawing = drawing };
+        var parts = engine.Fill(item, plate.WorkArea(), progress: null, token: CancellationToken.None);
+        return parts?.Count ?? 0;
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(0.0)]
+    [InlineData(0.3)]
+    [InlineData(0.8)]
+    [InlineData(1.2)]
+    public void Fill_SameCount_AcrossImportOrientations(double theta)
+    {
+        var baseline = RunFillCount(MakeImportedAt(0.0), MakePlate());
+        var rotated = RunFillCount(MakeImportedAt(theta), MakePlate());
+
+        // Allow +/-1 tolerance for sweep quantization edge effects near plate boundaries.
+        Assert.InRange(rotated, baseline - 1, baseline + 1);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Fill_PlacedPartsStayWithinWorkArea_AcrossImportOrientations()
+    {
+        var plate = MakePlate();
+        var workArea = plate.WorkArea();
+
+        foreach (var theta in new[] { 0.0, 0.3, 0.8, 1.2 })
+        {
+            BestFitCache.Clear();
+            var engine = new DefaultNestEngine(plate);
+            var item = new NestItem { Drawing = MakeImportedAt(theta) };
+            var parts = engine.Fill(item, workArea, progress: null, token: CancellationToken.None);
+
+            Assert.NotNull(parts);
+            foreach (var p in parts)
+            {
+                Assert.InRange(p.BoundingBox.Left, workArea.Left - 0.5, workArea.Right + 0.5);
+                Assert.InRange(p.BoundingBox.Bottom, workArea.Bottom - 0.5, workArea.Top + 0.5);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}