diff --git a/OpenNest.Core/CNC/CuttingPlanning/PreparedContours.cs b/OpenNest.Core/CNC/CuttingPlanning/PreparedContours.cs
index 377ba77..e43b24c 100644
--- a/OpenNest.Core/CNC/CuttingPlanning/PreparedContours.cs
+++ b/OpenNest.Core/CNC/CuttingPlanning/PreparedContours.cs
@@ -215,7 +215,12 @@ public sealed class PreparedContours
     private static Vector Start(Entity entity) => entity is Line line ? line.StartPoint : ((Arc)entity).StartPoint();
     private static Vector End(Entity entity) => entity is Line line ? line.EndPoint : ((Arc)entity).EndPoint();
 
-    private static Program CopyForGeometry(Program source, CancellationToken token)
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Owned copy of a validated graph with every program in incremental mode, so
+    /// <see cref="ConvertProgram.ToGeometry"/> keeps absolute subprogram frame offsets. Shared
+    /// subprograms stay shared. Validate exact instruction types first: this clones every code.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal static Program CopyForGeometry(Program source, CancellationToken token)
     {
         var copies = new Dictionary<Program, Program>(ReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance);
         return Copy(source);
diff --git a/OpenNest.Core/Diagnostics/OverlapMaterialCache.cs b/OpenNest.Core/Diagnostics/OverlapMaterialCache.cs
index 6f23fd2..75d2391 100644
--- a/OpenNest.Core/Diagnostics/OverlapMaterialCache.cs
+++ b/OpenNest.Core/Diagnostics/OverlapMaterialCache.cs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ internal sealed class OverlapSource
 
     internal OverlapSource(Program program, List<Entity> entities, string error)
     {
-        codeCount = program.Codes.Count;
+        codeCount = CodeCount(program);
         rotation = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(program.Rotation);
         Entities = entities;
         Error = error;
@@ -54,7 +54,10 @@ internal sealed class OverlapSource
     internal string Error { get; }
 
     internal bool Matches(Program program) =>
-        program.Codes.Count == codeCount && BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(program.Rotation) == rotation;
+        CodeCount(program) == codeCount && BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(program.Rotation) == rotation;
+
+    // Program.Codes is a writable field; a missing list is a refused source, not a crash.
+    private static int CodeCount(Program program) => program.Codes?.Count ?? -1;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Prepares once and shares the result. A geometry failure is cached like a success;
diff --git a/OpenNest.Core/Diagnostics/PlateOverlapAnalyzer.cs b/OpenNest.Core/Diagnostics/PlateOverlapAnalyzer.cs
index 410b6a2..eb191ec 100644
--- a/OpenNest.Core/Diagnostics/PlateOverlapAnalyzer.cs
+++ b/OpenNest.Core/Diagnostics/PlateOverlapAnalyzer.cs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
 using OpenNest.CNC;
+using OpenNest.CNC.CuttingPlanning;
 using OpenNest.Converters;
 using OpenNest.Geometry;
 
@@ -72,9 +73,11 @@ public static class PlateOverlapAnalyzer
         try
         {
             ValidateProgram(program, new HashSet<Program>(ReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance));
-            // Conversion creates fresh geometry, including expanded shared hole calls;
-            // no cloning/rotation of a live program or subprogram is necessary.
-            return new OverlapSource(program, ConvertProgram.ToGeometry(program)
+            // Convert an incremental-mode copy: the converter adds call offsets to incremental moves
+            // only, so absolute subprogram holes would otherwise land at their frame origin. The
+            // copy is owned; the live program is neither converted in place nor rotated.
+            var geometry = PreparedContours.CopyForGeometry(program, CancellationToken.None);
+            return new OverlapSource(program, ConvertProgram.ToGeometry(geometry)
                 .Where(entity => SpecialLayers.IsMaterial(entity.Layer)
                     && entity.Layer != SpecialLayers.Leadin
                     && entity.Layer != SpecialLayers.Leadout).ToList(), null);
@@ -267,14 +270,26 @@ public static class PlateOverlapAnalyzer
     internal static bool IsGeometryFailure(Exception exception) => exception is
         ArgumentException or InvalidOperationException or NotSupportedException or ArithmeticException;
 
+    // Exact built-in instruction types. Anything else, subclasses included, is refused before the
+    // graph is copied or converted, so no unknown Clone or cast runs.
+    private static readonly HashSet<Type> SupportedCodeTypes =
+    [
+        typeof(RapidMove), typeof(LinearMove), typeof(ArcMove), typeof(SubProgramCall),
+        typeof(Comment), typeof(Feedrate), typeof(Kerf),
+    ];
+
     private static void ValidateProgram(Program program, HashSet<Program> visiting)
     {
         if (program == null || !visiting.Add(program) || visiting.Count > 64)
             throw new ArgumentException("Missing, recursive, or excessively nested subprogram.");
+        if (program.Codes == null)
+            throw new ArgumentException("Program has no instruction list.");
         foreach (var code in program.Codes)
         {
             if (code == null)
                 throw new ArgumentException("Program contains a missing instruction.");
+            if (!SupportedCodeTypes.Contains(code.GetType()))
+                throw new NotSupportedException("Program contains an unsupported instruction.");
             if (code is Motion motion && !OverlapMaterial.IsFinite(motion.EndPoint)
                 || code is ArcMove arc && !OverlapMaterial.IsFinite(arc.CenterPoint))
                 throw new ArgumentException("Program coordinates must be finite.");
diff --git a/OpenNest.Tests/CuttingPlanning/CuttingPlanBatchTests.cs b/OpenNest.Tests/CuttingPlanning/CuttingPlanBatchTests.cs
index 7bf3e8c..b5568e6 100644
--- a/OpenNest.Tests/CuttingPlanning/CuttingPlanBatchTests.cs
+++ b/OpenNest.Tests/CuttingPlanning/CuttingPlanBatchTests.cs
@@ -95,6 +95,46 @@ public class CuttingPlanBatchTests
         Assert.All(plate.Parts, part => Assert.False(part.HasManualLeadIns));
     }
 
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(Mode.Absolute)]
+    [InlineData(Mode.Incremental)]
+    public void Plan_SubprogramHolesInEitherMode_AreNotFalseOverlaps(Mode mode)
+    {
+        var hole = new Program();
+        hole.MoveTo(1, 0);
+        hole.Codes.Add(new ArcMove(1, 0, 0, 0) { Rotation = RotationType.CCW });
+        hole.Mode = mode;
+        var clean = ExplicitContourTests.Square(false);
+        clean.SubPrograms[-1] = hole;
+        clean.Codes.Add(new SubProgramCall { Program = hole, Offset = new Vector(3, 3), Id = -1 });
+        clean.Codes.Add(new SubProgramCall { Program = hole, Offset = new Vector(7, 3), Id = -1 });
+        clean.Mode = mode;
+        var nest = new Nest();
+        var plate = Plate(nest, new Part(new Drawing("holes", clean), new Vector(1, 1)));
+
+        var proposal = CuttingPlanBatch.Capture([plate], ExplicitContourTests.Parameters(), false).Plan();
+
+        var planned = Assert.Single(proposal.Plates);
+        Assert.True(planned.IsOverlapClear, string.Join("; ", planned.Overlap.Issues.Select(i => i.Message)));
+        Assert.True(planned.IsReady);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Capture_RefusedGraphs_BlockThePlateInsteadOfThrowing()
+    {
+        var nest = new Nest();
+        var missing = Clean("missing", 1, 1);
+        missing.BaseDrawing.Program.Codes = null;
+        var plate = Plate(nest, missing);
+
+        var proposal = CuttingPlanBatch.Capture([plate], ExplicitContourTests.Parameters(), false).Plan();
+
+        var planned = Assert.Single(proposal.Plates);
+        Assert.False(planned.IsReady);
+        Assert.False(proposal.CanApply);
+        Assert.Null(proposal.BuildPreview(0));
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public void Plan_FreeSearchOutOfBudget_KeepsTheCurrentOrderAndSaysSo()
     {
diff --git a/OpenNest.Tests/Diagnostics/PlateOverlapAnalyzerTests.cs b/OpenNest.Tests/Diagnostics/PlateOverlapAnalyzerTests.cs
index 7a53123..82c53fa 100644
--- a/OpenNest.Tests/Diagnostics/PlateOverlapAnalyzerTests.cs
+++ b/OpenNest.Tests/Diagnostics/PlateOverlapAnalyzerTests.cs
@@ -501,6 +501,64 @@ public class PlateOverlapAnalyzerTests
         Assert.Equal(y, pair.Centroid.Y, 7);
     }
 
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(Mode.Absolute)]
+    [InlineData(Mode.Incremental)]
+    public void Analyze_SubprogramHolesKeepTheirCallOffsetsInEitherMode(Mode mode)
+    {
+        var hole = new Program();
+        hole.MoveTo(1, 0);
+        hole.Codes.Add(new ArcMove(1, 0, 0, 0) { Rotation = RotationType.CCW });
+        hole.Mode = mode;
+        var clean = new Program();
+        clean.MoveTo(0, 0);
+        clean.LineTo(0, 10);
+        clean.LineTo(10, 10);
+        clean.LineTo(10, 0);
+        clean.LineTo(0, 0);
+        clean.SubPrograms[-1] = hole;
+        clean.Codes.Add(new SubProgramCall { Program = hole, Offset = new Vector(3, 3), Id = -1 });
+        clean.Codes.Add(new SubProgramCall { Program = hole, Offset = new Vector(7, 3), Id = -1 });
+        clean.Mode = mode;
+        var host = new Part(new Drawing("host", clean));
+        var insert = Rectangle(2.75, 2.75, 0.5, 0.5); // Inside the hole called at (3, 3).
+
+        var report = PlateOverlapAnalyzer.Analyze(new[] { host, insert });
+
+        Assert.True(report.IsComplete, string.Join("; ", report.Issues.Select(issue => issue.Message)));
+        Assert.Empty(report.Pairs);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void Analyze_NullOrUnsupportedInstructionsAreIncompleteWithoutRunningThem()
+    {
+        var missing = Rectangle(0, 0, 1, 1);
+        missing.BaseDrawing.Program.Codes = null;
+        var unsupported = Rectangle(5, 0, 1, 1);
+        var code = new CountingCode();
+        unsupported.BaseDrawing.Program.Codes.Add(code);
+        var clear = Rectangle(10, 0, 1, 1);
+
+        var report = PlateOverlapAnalyzer.Analyze(new[] { missing, unsupported, clear });
+
+        Assert.Equal(new[] { 0, 1 }, report.Issues.Select(issue => issue.PartAId).OrderBy(id => id));
+        Assert.Empty(report.Pairs);
+        Assert.Equal(0, code.Clones);
+    }
+
+    // Reports a built-in type but is not one: conversion must refuse it rather than cast or clone it.
+    private sealed class CountingCode : ICode
+    {
+        public int Clones { get; private set; }
+        public CodeType Type => CodeType.LinearMove;
+
+        public ICode Clone()
+        {
+            Clones++;
+            return this;
+        }
+    }
+
     private static Part Rectangle(double x, double y, double width, double height) =>
         new(WithContours(new[] { new Vector(0, 0), new Vector(width, 0),
             new Vector(width, height), new Vector(0, height) }).BaseDrawing, new Vector(x, y));