diff --git a/CutList/Tool.cs b/CutList/Tool.cs
index fde034b..c3bef52 100644
--- a/CutList/Tool.cs
+++ b/CutList/Tool.cs
@@ -1,16 +1,109 @@
-namespace CutList
+using System;
+
+namespace CutList
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a cutting tool with its kerf (blade width).
+    /// Enforces business rules for valid tools.
+    /// </summary>
     public class Tool
     {
-        public string Name { get; set; }
+        private string _name;
+        private double _kerf;
 
-        public double Kerf { get; set; }
+        public Tool(string name, double kerf, bool allowUserToChange = false)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name))
+                throw new ArgumentException("Tool name cannot be empty", nameof(name));
+
+            if (kerf < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Kerf cannot be negative", nameof(kerf));
+
+            _name = name;
+            _kerf = kerf;
+            AllowUserToChange = allowUserToChange;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parameterless constructor for serialization only.
+        /// Use the parameterized constructor for creating valid instances.
+        /// </summary>
+        public Tool()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public string Name
+        {
+            get => _name;
+            set
+            {
+                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Tool name cannot be empty", nameof(value));
+                _name = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public double Kerf
+        {
+            get => _kerf;
+            set
+            {
+                if (value < 0)
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Kerf cannot be negative", nameof(value));
+                _kerf = value;
+            }
+        }
 
         public bool AllowUserToChange { get; set; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the total material wasted for a given number of cuts.
+        /// </summary>
+        public double CalculateTotalWaste(int numberOfCuts)
+        {
+            if (numberOfCuts < 0)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Number of cuts cannot be negative", nameof(numberOfCuts));
+
+            return Kerf * numberOfCuts;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if this tool is compatible with the given material thickness.
+        /// Some tools may have minimum/maximum thickness requirements.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsCompatibleWithThickness(double thickness)
+        {
+            // For now, all tools are compatible with any thickness
+            // This can be extended based on specific tool requirements
+            return thickness > 0;
+        }
+
         public override string ToString()
         {
             return Name;
         }
+
+        public override bool Equals(object obj)
+        {
+            if (obj is Tool other)
+            {
+                return Name == other.Name &&
+                       Math.Abs(Kerf - other.Kerf) < 0.0001 &&
+                       AllowUserToChange == other.AllowUserToChange;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            unchecked
+            {
+                int hash = 17;
+                hash = hash * 23 + (Name?.GetHashCode() ?? 0);
+                hash = hash * 23 + Kerf.GetHashCode();
+                hash = hash * 23 + AllowUserToChange.GetHashCode();
+                return hash;
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SawCut/BinItem.cs b/SawCut/BinItem.cs
index 03bea6f..1ec90ed 100644
--- a/SawCut/BinItem.cs
+++ b/SawCut/BinItem.cs
@@ -1,9 +1,97 @@
-namespace SawCut
+using System;
+
+namespace SawCut
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents an item to be placed in a bin.
+    /// Enforces business rules for valid items.
+    /// </summary>
     public class BinItem
     {
-        public string Name { get; set; }
+        private string _name;
+        private double _length;
 
-        public double Length { get; set; }
+        public BinItem(string name, double length)
+        {
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name))
+                throw new ArgumentException("Item name cannot be empty", nameof(name));
+
+            if (length <= 0)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Item length must be greater than zero", nameof(length));
+
+            _name = name;
+            _length = length;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Parameterless constructor for serialization only.
+        /// Use the parameterized constructor for creating valid instances.
+        /// </summary>
+        public BinItem()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public string Name
+        {
+            get => _name;
+            set
+            {
+                if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Item name cannot be empty", nameof(value));
+                _name = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public double Length
+        {
+            get => _length;
+            set
+            {
+                if (value <= 0)
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Item length must be greater than zero", nameof(value));
+                _length = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if this item can fit in the given available length.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool CanFitIn(double availableLength)
+        {
+            return Length <= availableLength;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if this item can fit in the given available length with spacing.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool CanFitInWithSpacing(double availableLength, double spacing)
+        {
+            return Length + spacing <= availableLength;
+        }
+
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            return $"{Name} ({Length}\")";
+        }
+
+        public override bool Equals(object? obj)
+        {
+            if (obj is BinItem other)
+            {
+                return Name == other.Name && Length.IsEqualTo(other.Length);
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            unchecked
+            {
+                int hash = 17;
+                hash = hash * 23 + (Name?.GetHashCode() ?? 0);
+                hash = hash * 23 + Length.GetHashCode();
+                return hash;
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/SawCut/MultiBin.cs b/SawCut/MultiBin.cs
index 7a6040d..2e60387 100644
--- a/SawCut/MultiBin.cs
+++ b/SawCut/MultiBin.cs
@@ -1,14 +1,125 @@
-namespace SawCut
+using System;
+
+namespace SawCut
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Represents a type of bin with quantity and priority.
+    /// Enforces business rules for valid bin configurations.
+    /// </summary>
     public class MultiBin
     {
-        public int Quantity { get; set; } = 1;
+        private int _quantity;
+        private double _length;
+        private int _priority;
 
-        public double Length { get; set; }
+        public MultiBin(double length, int quantity = 1, int priority = 25)
+        {
+            if (length <= 0)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Bin length must be greater than zero", nameof(length));
+
+            if (quantity < -1 || quantity == 0)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Quantity must be positive or -1 for unlimited", nameof(quantity));
+
+            _length = length;
+            _quantity = quantity;
+            _priority = priority;
+        }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Lower value priority with be used first. Default to 25
+        /// Parameterless constructor for serialization only.
+        /// Use the parameterized constructor for creating valid instances.
         /// </summary>
-        public int Priority { get; set; } = 25;
+        public MultiBin()
+        {
+            _quantity = 1;
+            _priority = 25;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Quantity of bins available. Use -1 for unlimited bins.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Quantity
+        {
+            get => _quantity;
+            set
+            {
+                if (value < -1 || value == 0)
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Quantity must be positive or -1 for unlimited", nameof(value));
+                _quantity = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        public double Length
+        {
+            get => _length;
+            set
+            {
+                if (value <= 0)
+                    throw new ArgumentException("Bin length must be greater than zero", nameof(value));
+                _length = value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Lower value priority will be used first. Default is 25.
+        /// </summary>
+        public int Priority
+        {
+            get => _priority;
+            set => _priority = value;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if this bin type has unlimited quantity.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool IsUnlimited => Quantity == -1;
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Checks if an item of the given length can fit in this bin.
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool CanFitItem(double itemLength)
+        {
+            return itemLength <= Length && itemLength > 0;
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Calculates the waste for a single bin if the given length is used.
+        /// </summary>
+        public double CalculateWaste(double usedLength)
+        {
+            if (usedLength < 0 || usedLength > Length)
+                throw new ArgumentException("Used length must be between 0 and bin length", nameof(usedLength));
+
+            return Length - usedLength;
+        }
+
+        public override string ToString()
+        {
+            var quantityStr = IsUnlimited ? "Unlimited" : Quantity.ToString();
+            return $"Bin {Length}\" (Qty: {quantityStr}, Priority: {Priority})";
+        }
+
+        public override bool Equals(object? obj)
+        {
+            if (obj is MultiBin other)
+            {
+                return Quantity == other.Quantity &&
+                       Length.IsEqualTo(other.Length) &&
+                       Priority == other.Priority;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public override int GetHashCode()
+        {
+            unchecked
+            {
+                int hash = 17;
+                hash = hash * 23 + Quantity.GetHashCode();
+                hash = hash * 23 + Length.GetHashCode();
+                hash = hash * 23 + Priority.GetHashCode();
+                return hash;
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file